{"id":1362,"date":"2014-09-25T10:19:45","date_gmt":"2014-09-25T09:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/?p=1362"},"modified":"2014-09-25T13:06:22","modified_gmt":"2014-09-25T12:06:22","slug":"fieldwork-at-the-holuhraun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2014\/09\/fieldwork-at-the-holuhraun\/","title":{"rendered":"Fieldwork at the Holuhraun"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Last week I joined the team from the <a href=\"http:\/\/earthice.hi.is\">Institute of Earth Sciences<\/a> at the University of Iceland who are on the ground monitoring the eruption of the Holuhraun. This post is a description of the eruption and the monitoring work taking place. It is based on <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\" target=\"_blank\">tweets<\/a> sent out when I was away.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Surveying the fire fountains<\/h3>\n<p>The eruption is a fissure eruption, which began with a curtain of fire as magma sprayed from the ground. By the time I arrived the activity had focussed onto a few main vents. The main vent is named Baugur and has built a cone about 50 m tall. Using surveying equipment gives accurate measurements of the heights of the cones and the fire fountains.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Surveying fire fountain heights at <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a>. 60-70m. Only central vent (Baugur) remains active. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Bardarbunga?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Bardarbunga<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/e6VnBVxEPi\">pic.twitter.com\/e6VnBVxEPi<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/510927183360327680?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 13, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The vents are spectacular once night falls. When bursts of lava fountain into the air they light up the whole surroundings and even from 1 km away you can feel the heat on your face.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> last night. Central vents form churning lava pond. 40m fountains. New small vent open near Su\u00f0ri. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/MMeoMD2Mb5\">pic.twitter.com\/MMeoMD2Mb5<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512507273823158273?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Describing the points that we were surveying is easiest with a sketch. It was a geologist&#8217;s dream to annotate, too.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Nice to label a field sketch with &#39;river of lava&#39;. Not once but twice. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/volcanomonday?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#volcanomonday<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/bPCEYcZn3v\">pic.twitter.com\/bPCEYcZn3v<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/514083439306637312?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 22, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Infrared cameras measure the temperatures of distant objects. The fire fountains were over 850\u00b0C. This image uses a temperature scale that shows hotter temperatures as brighter. In real life, you can estimate rock temperatures from the colour, too. Red hot = over 600\u00b0C, orange = over 800\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Infrared (heat) image of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> fire fountain in Baugur crater. Height ~40m. By St\u00e9phanie Dumont, <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/uni_iceland?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@uni_iceland<\/a>. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/VlFrggFY7x\">pic.twitter.com\/VlFrggFY7x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512528411114610688?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The hot air above the vent rises quickly, and it carries the smallest, lightest particles with it. These scoria (basaltic pumice) fall to the ground downwind. Sampling them is useful because we know exactly when they formed. Analysing their composition will give a value for that particular time.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Basalt scoria from <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> plume sometimes ping off truck like hailstones. These fell 2km from vent. Helmets on. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/8VkErSzdSG\">pic.twitter.com\/8VkErSzdSG<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511430460048965632?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Larger particles fall close to the vent and build up the craters. They are often still molten when they land and the deposits are called spatter. The current eruption is referred to as the Holuhraun eruption because it is erupting onto a lava field, originally formed during eruptions in 1797 and 1862, which is called the Holuhraun.\u00a0 The old cones are still present, and the new eruption has even reoccupied some of them.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Spatter deposits from the original <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> eruption. Fresh spatter forming at Baugur crater in the background. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/rHbm6o8QxN\">pic.twitter.com\/rHbm6o8QxN<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512677725211873280?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Mapping the lava flows<\/h3>\n<p>The Holuhraun lava flow is growing amazingly quickly. It&#8217;s just three weeks old, but it&#8217;s as thick as a 2-storey house is high and to run around it would be about as far as a marathon. Another job is mapping the outline by driving alongside it in a 4&#215;4. GPS data are compared to see the changes each day.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Measuring <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> lava flow with <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/opensource?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#opensource<\/a> tools. GPSbabel, gpsprune for track data; QGIS for maps + area. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/nQB4fFerS1\">pic.twitter.com\/nQB4fFerS1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511797856244858880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 16, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, it is now only possible to do this on the NW side.\u00a0 The route around the flow front in the NE is blocked by the J\u00f6kuls\u00e1 \u00e1 Fj\u00f6llum river and there are deep cracks in the ground at the SW end near the vents.\u00a0 This is a big disadvantage: when it seemed to us that the lava flow rate was slowing, it was actually growing more to the east.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Looking along fracture to fire fountains and SO2-rich steam plume rising from <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> fissure. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Bardarbunga?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Bardarbunga<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/3Ue3MbYiZK\">pic.twitter.com\/3Ue3MbYiZK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/510930293810028544?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 13, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Measurements from aircraft or satellites can be used to record growth on the SE side of the flow. These are very useful, but are sometimes limited by weather, resolution or the timing of satellites passing overhead.\u00a0 Measurements from both methods are combined and published on the <a href=\"http:\/\/jardvis.hi.is\/kort_af_utbreidslu_holuhrauns\" target=\"_blank\">Institute of Earth Sciences website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Cracks + river block access to E side MT <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/uni_iceland?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@uni_iceland<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> lava, Sept 20. ~38 km2. Yellow = estimate from air <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/zTUppyxPpQ\">pic.twitter.com\/zTUppyxPpQ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/513947459308240896?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 22, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The front of the lava has stopped advancing since reaching the river where it is cooled by the water. Instead, the flow prefers grow sideways, with lava breaking out from the molten centre of the flow and spreading across the flat plains.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holohraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holohraun<\/a> lava flow has stopped advancing. New lobes break out along N side from molten interior. Some are small&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/qityW7gOpO\">pic.twitter.com\/qityW7gOpO<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511430955517878272?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8230;this one was 1.4 km wide. Photo also shows dust blowing along floor. Our tracks vanish overnight. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/GYX6Ej9Aol\">pic.twitter.com\/GYX6Ej9Aol<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511431821671022592?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Study of the advancing lava is concentrated on the breakouts. Time lapse video shows how they move. Samples can reveal how the lava has crystallised and lost gas in the interior of the flow. Thermal images record variations in surface temperature. The latter are important because cooling of the lava can limit how far the flow can grow; the hotter the surface, the faster it is losing heat.<\/p>\n<p>Flowing lava is molten rock, so, unsurprisingly, has a similar density to solidified rock. This means that chunks of solidified lava can float in the flow, especially if they have lots of air gaps and most of their bulk is submerged, like an iceberg. A great example of this are balls of spatter over 2 m in diameter that can be found kilometres downstream from the vent. These were originally part of the cone, but must have collapsed and been swept away by the flow.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Chunks of spatter\/cones from the current <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> eruption are found kilometres downstream, rafted on the lava. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/hmNQtbvdH1\">pic.twitter.com\/hmNQtbvdH1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512678526663684098?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Sulphur dioxide pollution<\/h3>\n<p>A striking feature of the Holuhraun eruption is the amount of gas being released, in particular sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>). The plume is so clear that it was visible from the aeroplane window as I flew over the south coast of Iceland on the way from Edinburgh. It is also prominent on the drive south to the eruption from M\u00fdvatn.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"is\" dir=\"ltr\">Subglacial mountain (tuya) Her\u00f0ubrei\u00f0 from M\u00f6\u00f0rudalur. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> gas\/steam plume drifting to the northeast. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/DseMoCJKDZ\">pic.twitter.com\/DseMoCJKDZ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/510766517760565248?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 13, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Closer in, it rises from the fissure like smoke. Written Icelandic records refer to past eruptions as &#8216;fires&#8217;. It is easy to see why. Back in the 80&#8217;s, I remember when farmers in Scotland used to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stubble_burning\" target=\"_blank\">burn stubble<\/a> and unwanted straw in their fields. Lines of orange flame ran hundreds of metres across the ground, shimmering in the heat haze, while blue curtains of smoke rose above. It turns out that a fissure eruption looks just the same, but on a much bigger scale.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Baugur weaker last night and forms one glowing lava-filled crater with children. Plane for scale. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/B3TUTpgmET\">pic.twitter.com\/B3TUTpgmET<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512124898647769089?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 17, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The way the gas dominated the whole experience got me wondering why I hadn&#8217;t paid it much attention before.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">I hadn&#39;t given volcano pollution much thought until <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a>. Probably because you can&#39;t see it in the rocks. It&#39;s nasty stuff. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/geology?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#geology<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511433349874073600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In fact, it is a really serious concern at the eruption site. The area is closed off to the public, and those with permits to be there have to bring safety equipment.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Gas masks needed downwind of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> breakouts. Some trigger gas sensor alarm (orange box on mirror). SO2 + CO. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/dC8xjl7B7h\">pic.twitter.com\/dC8xjl7B7h<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511432358562902016?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The concentrations reach dangerous levels near the plume or near breakouts. Many more dead birds have been found in the past week since I got back. Even hundreds of kilometres away across Iceland, people are advised to stay indoors if the gas is blowing their way and the Icelandic Met Office has begun producing <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vedur.is\/vedur\/spar\/gasdreifing\" target=\"_blank\">forecasts of where the concentration will be highest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">The canary in the coal mine? Dead bird beside <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> lava. Might have been poisoned by gas. But might not. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/bs6Gkg2IQn\">pic.twitter.com\/bs6Gkg2IQn<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512676097524133888?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>If you don&#8217;t feel 100%, it isn&#8217;t always easy to identify the cause.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Hard to quantify effect of gas exposure. Dull headache, strange taste, racing pulse are also symptoms of Icelandic coffee. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511429370452664320?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The gas plume had a strong effect on the sun, cutting down the brightness and turing it red\/pink. It makes you think that descriptions of &#8216;blood red&#8217; suns during the devastating <a href=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2014\/04\/sources-of-reliable-information-about-large-icelandic-fissure-eruptions\/\">1783 Laki fissure eruption<\/a> were not exaggerations.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">SO2 sunrise at Askja yesterday. Last night we stayed at Myvatn as <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> plume was blowing directly onto hut. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/n2G7w5DfM4\">pic.twitter.com\/n2G7w5DfM4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511429131868065792?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The effect was particularly weird in the middle of the day, when the sun should be high and bright.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Jokulsa a Fjollum reflecting pink beneath the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> plume. Light is like sunset, but without the long shadows. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/rOz6QIp0It\">pic.twitter.com\/rOz6QIp0It<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512676725193723904?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Gas-induced tourism<\/h3>\n<p>When the gas plume went directly over the mountain hut where we were staying at Askja, about 25 km north of the eruption site, we decided to retreat to M\u00fdvatn. This was also an opportunity for much needed vehicle repairs and maintenance. It was also a chance to take in the local geology.\u00a0 In particular, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hverfjall\" target=\"_blank\">Hverfell<\/a> is a tuff cone formed by the explosive interaction of a basaltic fissure eruption with groundwater or a lake.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Cast of 2500yr old birch tree flattened by dilute pyroclastic density current. Hverfell, Iceland. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/FieldPhotoFriday?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#FieldPhotoFriday<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/01TAErCuuK\">pic.twitter.com\/01TAErCuuK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512996517784059906?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 19, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>I was especially pleased to see the Hekla 3 and Hekla 4 tephra layers, as my current research project is reconstructing these <a href=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2011\/08\/a-taste-of-hekla\/\">two huge ancient eruptions<\/a>.\u00a0 This ash had travelled over 200 km to be deposited at M\u00fdvatn.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"is\" dir=\"ltr\">Tephras at M\u00fdvatn. Hverfjall (black, 2400yr old, 5km), Hekla3 (white, 3100yr, 200km), Hekla4 (white+grey, 4200yr). <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/996Gm1cTbe\">pic.twitter.com\/996Gm1cTbe<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511797039290937344?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 16, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Sources of good information<\/h3>\n<p>The best source of information on the ongoing Holuhraun eruption and unrest at B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga is the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vedur.is\/en\">Icelandic Met Office<\/a> website. Click the links on the top banner for access to the latest monitoring information. I posted other useful links in my <a href=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2014\/09\/bardarbunga-three-weeks-of-tweets\/\">last post<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The following are some recent additions.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Watch the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Bardarbunga?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Bardarbunga<\/a> dyke grow with the IMO&#39;s new interactive daily earthquake plots. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/rKXDeE8wv6\">http:\/\/t.co\/rKXDeE8wv6<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/CTqKBFlSAu\">pic.twitter.com\/CTqKBFlSAu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/514766754040795136?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 24, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Interactive maps of SO2 pollution across Iceland from <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> eruption. <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/PyNg0QTTRE\">http:\/\/t.co\/PyNg0QTTRE<\/a> Another great example of IMO data sharing.<\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512674776624955392?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">If <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> gas affects you in Iceland, Norway, UK, you can record it with <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BGSvolcanology?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@BGSvolcanology<\/a>&#39;s myVolcano app. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/BGwC5Gvckv\">https:\/\/t.co\/BGwC5Gvckv<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/511434204866162688?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 15, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">1:50k Defense Mapping series of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iceland?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iceland<\/a> are free as jpg from <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/QEgxrBmKef\">http:\/\/t.co\/QEgxrBmKef<\/a> including <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Holuhraun?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Holuhraun<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/PSxj1EVnUG\">http:\/\/t.co\/PSxj1EVnUG<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/512687695915540483?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 18, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Bardarbunga?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Bardarbunga<\/a> page on <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Photovolcanica?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Photovolcanica<\/a> has great photos <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/xXAQLlAkcB\">http:\/\/t.co\/xXAQLlAkcB<\/a> and this helicopter overflight movie: <a href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/iIqf278eiK\">http:\/\/t.co\/iIqf278eiK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; John A Stevenson (@volcan01010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\/status\/514435231391436801?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 23, 2014<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Acknowledgement<\/h3>\n<p>I&#8217;d like to thank the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rse.org.uk\">Royal Society of Edinburgh<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/mariecurieactions\/\">Marie Curie Actions<\/a> for providing funding for this trip. I&#8217;d also like to thank the University of Iceland for having me and for making sure that I got home in time to see Scotland decide its future.<\/p>\n<p>If you enjoyed this post, you can read about the 12 hour <a href=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2011\/08\/grimsvotn-1-crossing-glacier\/\" target=\"_blank\">glacier crossing and tephra wilderness adventure<\/a> that I had when I worked with Icelandic scientists on the deposits of the Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn 2011 eruption.\u00a0 You can follow the blog on Twitter at <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/volcan01010\" target=\"_blank\">@volcan01010<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last week I joined the team from the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland who are on the ground monitoring the eruption of the Holuhraun. This post is a description of the eruption and the monitoring work &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2014\/09\/fieldwork-at-the-holuhraun\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1362"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1377,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362\/revisions\/1377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}