{"id":1085,"date":"2013-10-07T13:20:16","date_gmt":"2013-10-07T12:20:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/?p=1085"},"modified":"2013-10-07T23:41:07","modified_gmt":"2013-10-07T22:41:07","slug":"soup-or-volcano","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2013\/10\/soup-or-volcano\/","title":{"rendered":"Soup or Volcano?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Inspired by Erik Klemmetti&#8217;s recent <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2013\/10\/the-rise-of-supervolcano\/\">blog post<\/a> about the rise of the term &#8216;supervolcano&#8217;, and by the imminent launch of the <a href=\"http:\/\/streva.ac.uk\/vtt\" target=\"_blank\">Volcano Top Trumps<\/a> card game, I&#8217;ve created a quick game of my own: <b>Soup or Volcano?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The rules are simple: Look at the following five images and decide if they contain soup, or a volcano. Then scroll down to the answers and see how well you did.<\/p>\n<h2>Soup or Volcano?<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>1.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/erebus.nmt.edu\/imagepages\/dunbar\/index2.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1090\" alt=\"erebus_lake\" src=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/erebus_lake.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/erebus_lake.jpg 450w, https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/erebus_lake-300x205.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a>Image by Dr Nelia Dunbar, http:\/\/erebus.nmt.edu<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>2.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/realfood.tesco.com\/recipes\/minestrone-soup.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1092\" alt=\"minestrone\" src=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/minestrone1.jpg\" width=\"472\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/minestrone1.jpg 472w, https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/minestrone1-300x197.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a>Image: Tesco.com<\/p>\n<h3><strong>3.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/images\/pglossary\/pahoehoe_toe.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-1093\" alt=\"pahtoe_large\" src=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/pahtoe_large.jpg\" width=\"560\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/pahtoe_large.jpg 800w, https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/pahtoe_large-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a>Photo: JD Griggs, USGS<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>4.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomato_soup\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-1094\" alt=\"tomato_soup\" src=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/tomato_soup.jpg\" width=\"560\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/tomato_soup.jpg 800w, https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/tomato_soup-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a>Image: Sir Nico, Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>5.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1144\/SP380.8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1095\" alt=\"colima_dome\" src=\"http:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/colima_dome.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/colima_dome.png 600w, https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/colima_dome-300x192.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a>Image: Will Hutchison, Oxford University<\/p>\n<p>Now scroll down for the answers&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;a wee bit further&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<h2>The Answers<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Volcano.<\/b> The lava lake of Mount Erebus, Antarctica, is a bubbling cauldron of molten magma. The bubbles burst with a &#8216;pop&#8217; of low frequency sound (called <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infrasound\" target=\"_blank\">infrasound<\/a>). By analysing this, volcanologists can work out the <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.001\" target=\"_blank\">size and pressure of the bubbles<\/a> and how much gas is released in each.<\/li>\n<li><b>Soup.<\/b> A delicious minestrone. Minestrone soup actually has a lot in common with magma. Both contain a hot liquid (tomatoey-goodness versus molten rock), solid bits (croutons, pasta shapes and vegetables versus crystals) and often gas bubbles (steam versus a mixture of steam, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorine, fluorine and others).<\/li>\n<li><b>Volcano.<\/b> A basalt lava flow a Kilauea, Hawaii. This is erupted a temperatures of over 1000\u00b0C. As it cools, the surface develops a skin, a bit like the skin on soup. Molten lava can flow inside the skin, and the whole flow gets thicker from within. There are some great <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MJJYk9MiNuY\" target=\"_blank\">time-lapse videos<\/a> of this on YouTube.\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"CSAV Hawaii: Speed Lava\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MJJYk9MiNuY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Soup.<\/b> A thick, creamy tomato soup. The measure of the &#8216;thickness&#8217; or &#8216;stickiness&#8217; of a liquid is the viscosity and it is measured in units called Pascal-seconds (Pa s). The viscosity of water is about 0.001 Pa s and I would guess that this soup is around 1 Pa s. The viscosity of magma depends on lots of things such as the chemical composition, the temperature, and how much water is dissolved in it. Crystal and water-free basalt has a viscosity of ~10 to ~100 Pa s.\u00a0 Other types of magma can have viscosities of over 1,000,000 Pa s.<\/li>\n<li><b>Volcano.<\/b> The crater of Colima volcano, Mexico, contains a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lava_dome\" target=\"_blank\"><i>lava dome<\/i><\/a>. The lava here is of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andesite\" target=\"_blank\"><i>andesite<\/i><\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dacite\" target=\"_blank\"><i>dacite<\/i><\/a> composition is much more viscous than the basalts in Hawaii. The dome is covered in blocks of broken, solidified lava, but the perfectly flat top surface is a clue that there is liquid underneath. New magma oozes into the crater, then spills over the edge and tumbles down the side in spectacular <a href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/62885359\" target=\"_blank\">glowing rockfalls<\/a>.\n<p>http:\/\/vimeo.com\/62885359<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>How well did you do?<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b>5 points:<\/b> Congratulations! Your powers of separating food from large bits of rock are impressive. Come back next week to try your luck against <i>Level 2: Pasta or Planet?<\/i> Or maybe not.<\/li>\n<li><b>0 to 4 points:<\/b> Are you serious? This was not a hard quiz, but your results were terrible. I recommend booking a trip to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C4%ABlauea#1952_to_the_present\" target=\"_blank\">Kilauea<\/a> in Hawaii, or <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stromboli\" target=\"_blank\">Stromboli<\/a> in Italy to see some real volcanoes in action. Don&#8217;t forget to pack a spoon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inspired by Erik Klemmetti&#8217;s recent blog post about the rise of the term &#8216;supervolcano&#8217;, and by the imminent launch of the Volcano Top Trumps card game, I&#8217;ve created a quick game of my own: Soup or Volcano? The rules are &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/2013\/10\/soup-or-volcano\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1085","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1085"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1107,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1085\/revisions\/1107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/all-geo.org\/volcan01010\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}